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Friday, February 25, 2011
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New study offers insights into molecular processes in common neuropsychiatric disease, the variation in a particular gene increases the likelihood of manic-depressive disorder cancer. That an international research team reports in the The leadership of scientists from Bonn, Mannheim and Jülich. The finding is an important piece of the puzzle to understand the origin of the disease, play in genetic variation as well as environmental factors. The researchers present their results in the current online publication of the magazine "American Journal of Human Genetics (doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.01.017).
Bonn / Mannheim / Jülich. About one percent of the population suffers from manic-depressive disorder, a neuropsychiatric disorder. The mood of the people affected varies widely between pathological mania and depression. In a of the largest studies conducted so far to identify the genetic causes of bipolar disorder also have that disease compared scientists now hundreds of thousands, often occurring variants in the genetic material in a large number of patients and healthy people systematically. The result of this so-called genome-wide association study: A variant of the gene neurocan (NCAN) in people with manic-depressive disorder significantly more often than in healthy subjects.
"The identified risk variant increased the risk of developing the carrier. It determines not alone if you suffer", Sven Cichon, a professor at the Institute of Human Genetics the University of Bonn and the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine at the Research Centre Jülich. "The Bipolar Disorder is one of the so-called complex diseases. Thus it breaks must come together, many genetic risk factors and environmental influences," says Prof. Marcella Rietschel by the Central Institute of Mental Health in Mannheim. So far, genome-wide association studies of manic-depressive disorder is not as successful as in other complex diseases such as diabetes mellitus, the type II, chronic inflammatory bowel disease or schizophrenia. "The higher the identification of the risk factor in the neurocan gene in bipolar disorder is cheap. We hope to obtain new insights into the molecular processes involved in these common neuropsychiatric disorder play a role, "said Prof. Mark M. Nöthen, director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Bonn.
The gene neurocan (NCAN) is the brain researchers generally known: "We know that NCAN plays in the growth and cohesion of the brain cells a role," says Cichon "The fact that it is associated with bipolar disorder, was not yet clear, however."
investigations. in mice had also shown that the genetic information of neurocan in two main areas of the brain is retrieved, the affected brain tissue than in bipolar disorder are already known: the cortex and hippocampus. Initial studies of mice in which the gene was removed Neurocan stated, references to certain limitations in cognitive processes that are now being studied closely.
"We want to find out in detail, in which processes NCAN involved in the brain and how the presence of disease-associated gene variant disrupts this process," are the scientists involved agree. These findings could be effective therapies for the treatment of manic-depressive disorder of great use in future development.
Originalpaper:
Cichon, Mühleisen et al., Genome-wide Association Study Identifies Genetic Variation in Neurocan as Susceptibility Factor for Bipolar Disorder, The American Journal of Human Genetics, (2011),
doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.01.017
< www.cell.com/AJHG >
Jülicher Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-1:
< www.fz-juelich.de/inm/inm-1/index.php?index=307 >
Bonner Institut Human Genetics:
\u0026lt; www.humangenetics.uni-bonn.de >
Mannheim Central Institute of Mental Health, Division Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry:
\u0026lt; www.zi- mannheim.de / marcella_rietschel.html >
Contact:
Prof. Dr. Sven Cichon
Tel 0228 6885 405 (Bonn) 02 461 61 1791 (Jülich) sven, . cichon@uni-bonn.de , s.cichon @ fz-juelich.de
Tel 0621 1703 6051
marcella.rietschel @ zi-mannheim.de
Prof. Dr. Markus M. Noethen
Tel 0228 287 51 101
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Edu Science Telescope Manuel
But much can, or could by this time out, already have been missed or done wrong. The importance of the first teeth - say the milk teeth, is often underestimated in the population and you!
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MUNICH (eb). In the transition to sleep is apparently re-organized neural networks in the brain. This change in communication between brain regions is reason that people lose sleep consciousness.
plane still awake and fully conscious and seconds later we are asleep. Suddenly, we take external signals only on reduced and no longer are aware of our self-confidence.
What these changes our perception is based, have now scientists at the Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry in Munich clarified in a study, which was attended by 25 young healthy volunteers. The study
, the activity of neural networks that connect brain regions with each other when people awake but at rest.
A systematic reorganization takes place
The measurement in the transition to different sleep stages showed that these networks are reorganized systematically. Thus, for example, the hippocampus, a region important for memory processes, already in a light sleep from a network decoupled.
The frontal lobes, important for higher control processes, with increasing depth of sleep even completely excluded from this network, as stated in a release of the Institute.
contrast, neural connections to take attention network only partially - perhaps to respond to external stimuli can still alarming.
This change in communication between brain regions with selbstreflektorischem behavior, action planning and self-perception are associated may, as the cause of our loss of consciousness during sleep are considered, the institute ( Cerebral Cortex online in 2011).
viewed externally, sleep is a passive process for people. But for the brain and the whole organism, it is a condition with altered activity. Because the brain is asleep while less active, its activity, however, not entirely.
nerve cells are organized into different networks while actively communicating. These networks can be detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging and is based on slow (less than 0.1 Hz), spontaneous signal fluctuations.
Some of the anatomical connection is lost
Of the many simultaneously active rest networks of the human brain investigated the Munich researchers the "default mode network" and in the spontaneous time course rebellious network.
Both networks are in people in the waking state and are closely linked to each other for different attentional processes: the "default mode network" supports more inwardly directed attention tasks, for rather the opposite network, the processing of external stimuli.
behave without additional stimulation it in time in opposite directions, the means high measuring signals of a network usually occur during low signals of the other network and vice versa.
The Munich scientists found that both networks change during the sleep onset process itself and also decreases its strict mutual exclusivity. The "default mode network" lost depending on sleep stage some of its anatomical connections.
solved particular parts of the hippocampal formation already in the light sleep from the network. The prefrontal cortex with increasing depth of sleep also lost its connection to the network.
importance for the interpretation of the MRI
Reduced - but to be detected in the deep sleep - were eventually brain regions in the posterior cingulate and precuneus, a part of the parietal cortex.
These brain regions are among the most densely linked areas in the brain. They are associated with alertness and awareness and in their activity affected by drug sedation.
explains the lower activity in the default mode network "during sleep, why people are sleeping no conscious perception capability.
The counter-network was decoupled from sleep stage 2 of its strictly opposing activity, but remains on all sleep stages available - an important indication that probably only enables a sufficient synchronization between different networks more complex functions, however, relevant simple Weckreize can always be processed.
"In clinical practice, should find these proven network changes in the brain that occur even with a short nap, in the future a special account in the interpretation of MRI scans in patients' calls Dr. Phil Sower, doctors at the Munich Institute .
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
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